Machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) have become essential in various domains, driven by the need for valuable insights from user data. Initially limited to web servers and cloud infrastructures, the advent of smartphones enabled ML on edge devices. Google’s TensorFlow Lite (TF Lite) project further expanded the machine learning concept, giving rise to the field of Tiny Machine Learning (TinyML).
What is TinyML?
TinyML refers to the application of ML and deep learning models on embedded systems with low computational resources, such as microcontrollers and digital signal processors. These systems have ultra-low power consumption, limited RAM and flash memory, and operate with high latency. TF Lite is currently the primary framework for TinyML, offering support for microcontrollers, embedded Linux, Android, and iOS platforms. TinyML models are small in size, typically a few kilobytes, and perform specific cognitive tasks within the device.
How TinyML works
TF Lite, a deep learning framework utilizing recurrent neural networks, captures data from sensors connected to microcontrollers. This data is sent to a cloud platform for model training. After offline batch training, the trained model is ported back to the embedded system. The model then consumes real-time data from sensors and applies ML techniques to derive inferences. TinyML models undergo rigorous validation to ensure long-term relevance without the need for frequent retraining.
Advantages of TinyML
TinyML offers several advantages for edge devices and IoT applications:
1. Low Footprint: TinyML models are compact, making them easily portable to microcontrollers and low-power devices.
2. Low Power Consumption: TinyML applications ideally consume less than 1 milliwatt of power, enabling long-term operation without recharging or battery replacement.
3. Low Latency: Inferences are derived locally, eliminating the need for data transfer to the cloud. This reduces network latency and minimizes dependence on external servers.
4. Low Bandwidth: TinyML applications do not rely on continuous data exchange with a server or cloud, allowing them to function even with limited or no internet connectivity.
5. Privacy: TinyML applications execute ML tasks locally, eliminating the need to transfer or store sensitive user data externally.
6. Low Cost: TinyML is designed for 32-bit microcontrollers and DSPs, which are cost-effective solutions for running ML applications at scale.
Getting started with TinyML
To begin with TinyML using TF Lite, one needs a supported microcontroller board and a computer or laptop for designing ML models. TF Lite supports various boards such as Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense, STM32F746 Discovery kit, and Espressif ESP32-DevKitC. Programming tools specific to each hardware platform, utilizing the TF Lite library, facilitate model building, training, and porting. The open-source nature of TF Lite allows for modification without license fees.
TF Lite for Microcontrollers supports a subset of ML operations. The library provides example models for image classification, object detection, speech recognition, and more. These models serve as starting points for learning and developing TinyML applications.
Applications of TinyML
Though still in its early stages, TinyML has found practical applications in various domains:
1. Industrial Automation: Predictive maintenance, machine optimization, and fault detection in manufacturing.
2. Agriculture: Disease and pest detection in plants, automation in farming.
3. Healthcare: Early detection of diseases, fitness devices, and healthcare equipment.
4. Retail: Inventory management, customer preference analysis.
5. Transportation: Traffic monitoring, accident detection.
6. Law Enforcement: Unlawful activity detection, ATM security.
7. Ocean Life Conservation: Real-time monitoring to protect whales and marine life.
The future of TinyML
With its small footprint, low power consumption, and reduced dependence on the cloud, TinyML has tremendous potential in narrow AI implementation on edge devices. As the IoT industry and domain-specific fields increasingly adopt ML, TinyML will play a vital role in enhancing privacy and security. While other frameworks like uTensor and ARM’s CMSIS-NN are under development, TF Lite remains the primary choice. Community support and collaboration with chip designers will help drive TinyML into the mainstream.
TinyML represents the fusion of embedded systems and ML, offering solutions to challenges faced by the IoT industry and ML experts. With its small size, low power consumption, and reduced latency, TinyML has the potential to transform the design of embedded systems and robots. As hardware support and programming tools expand, TinyML will likely gain prominence in the field of machine learning and AI.
